• The molecular mechanism of gliotransmitter release is not fu

  2022-10-12

  

  The molecular mechanism of gliotransmitter release is not fully understood until now, and previous studies have emphasized that the elevation of [Ca2+]i triggers vesicular caudatin of glutamate. Parpura et al. reported that the essential role of Ca2+ release from internal stores in glutamate releas

• Acknowledgements We appreciated the contributions

  2022-10-12

  

  Acknowledgements We appreciated the contributions of Ana Carolina Galha, Selma XSL Pinheiro and Islene Azevedo for technical assistances. In addition, we wish to thank Adilson José de Almeida (in memoriam), Moyra M Portilho, Vanessa A Marques and Letícia P Scalioni, for data analysis during the set

• matrix metalloproteinase br sGC cGMP PKG pathway in regulati

  2022-10-12

  

  sGC/cGMP/PKG pathway in regulation of platelet small GTPases All classical Rho family members of small GTPases including RhoA, Rac, Cdc42, some atypical Rho GTPases like RhoB, RhoF and RhoG, and also Ras family members N-Ras, K-Ras, Rap1A, Rap1B, Rap2A and Rap2B, and the Ras-related GTPases of th

• The GLU Epac transgenic mouse enabled us to

  2022-10-12

  

  The GLU-Epac transgenic mouse enabled us to monitor cAMP responses to GPR119 ligands in individual primary cultured L-cells. Not all L-cells were found to be responsive to AR231453, suggesting there may be a subpopulation of L-cells that do not express functional GPR119. There was a tendency for sma

• Adenosine triphosphate ATP is thought to be

  2022-10-12

  

  Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is thought to be a crucial molecule in acute pain signaling in the DRG, as well as in the development and maintenance of chronic pain (Burnstock, 2009, Burnstock, 2013, Burnstock, 2014, Chizh and Illes, 2001). Extracellular ATP activates the ionotropic P2X receptors (Bur

• Moreover we revealed that alanine and taurine a

  2022-10-12

  

  Moreover, we revealed that β-alanine and taurine, a structural analog of β-alanine, have different receptor affinity in the SG neurons of the spinal dorsal horn. Additionally, previous studies indicate that taurine regulates nociceptive information at the spinal cord level, and we have previously de

• br Membrane transporters as a novel

  2022-10-12

  

  Membrane transporters as a novel therapeutic target in pediatric TBI The concept of targeting membrane transporters began with identifying a neuroprotective drug and a corresponding transporter inhibitor. Somewhat serendipitously, we discovered that N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a cysteine donor for GS

• ICH induced striatal lesion produced a reduction of EAAT exp

  2022-10-12

  

  ICH-induced striatal lesion produced a reduction of EAAT1 expression analogous to the decreased glutamate uptake at 6 h. The combined reduction of excitatory amino PKI-402 synthesis transporters and of glutamate uptake activity might explain the well-known glutamate excitotoxicity following brain i

• In the present study we tested glucosidase and tyrosinase in

  2022-10-12

  

  In the present study, we tested α-glucosidase and tyrosinase inhibitory effects of the methanol extract from lower stems and NMS-1286937 of Q. coccifera (1) as well as the isolated compounds [lyoniresinol-9-O-β-xylopyranoside (2) and lyoniresinol-9-O-β-glucopyranoside (3), cocciferoside (4), (-)-8-c

• Genetic disruption or pharmacologic inhibition of the

  2022-10-12

  

  Genetic disruption or pharmacologic inhibition of the hepatic glucagon pathway has invariably been shown to increase pancreatic α cell mass. This has been observed in glucagon receptor (GCGR) knockout (Gcgr−/−) mice (Gelling et al., 2003), glucagon knockout mice (Hayashi et al., 2009), prohormone co

• br Introduction The glucagon receptor

  2022-10-12

  

  Introduction The glucagon receptor (GCGR) is a G-protein-coupled receptor expressed mainly in the liver and kidney. Upon glucagon binding, it activates the stimulatory G protein (Gs) and increases cAMP level, subsequently transducing glucagon signaling involved in glucose, amino acids and lipid m

• br Indirect GLI antagonists br

  2022-10-12

  

  Indirect GLI antagonists Direct GLI antagonists Concluding remarks Targeting GLI effectors represents a promising therapeutic strategy for cancer treatment. This is particularly relevant for certain tumors, such as MB, since, although classified into four distinct molecular groups (Hh- or W

• Nitrotetrazolium Blue chloride synthesis br Conclusion Our e

  2022-10-12

  

  Conclusion Our experiments have confirmed the effects of fasting, DIO, and E2 on the expression of Ghsr, Npy, and Agrp in the ARC (Briggs et al., 2013, Briggs et al., 2010, Brown and Clegg, 2010, Coppola et al., 2007, Palou et al., 2009, Roepke et al., 2008, Verhulst et al., 2012). However, gene

• Ginsenoside Rd Immunohistochemistry using anti FFAR antibodi

  2022-10-11

  

  Immunohistochemistry using anti-FFAR1 antibodies revealed immunoreactivity for FFAR1 in association with the cell membrane of the hepatocytes (Figure 2). However, the anti-FFAR2 antibody was not suitable for immunohistochemistry under the tested conditions (data not shown). Fatty liver is an import

• Ginsenoside Rd Immunohistochemistry using anti FFAR antibodi

  2022-10-11

  

  Immunohistochemistry using anti-FFAR1 antibodies revealed immunoreactivity for FFAR1 in association with the cell membrane of the hepatocytes (Figure 2). However, the anti-FFAR2 antibody was not suitable for immunohistochemistry under the tested conditions (data not shown). Fatty liver is an import

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