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Whereas allostery in the cell is relatively understudied sig
2024-08-03
Whereas allostery in the β cell is relatively understudied, significant progress has been made in understanding the physiology and mechanistic biology of how AMPK and its upstream kinases govern β cell function. LKB1 phosphorylates AMPKα at Thr172 [21], and loss of LKB1 in β cells abolishes phosphor
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br Comparison to IWG In addition
2024-08-02
Comparison to IWG In addition to the NIA AA, the other group that has established diagnostic guidelines for AD that incorporate biomarkers is the IWG [64,74,75]. In the most recent formal IWG document, published in 2014 [75], the diagnosis of AD required the presence of cognitive symptoms plus an
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Cancer stem cells CSCs may have been first identified in
2024-08-02
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) may have been first identified in teratocarcinomas [11], [12], with its initial clues date back to the 19th century [13]. Kleinsmith and Pierce [12] established the immortal pluripotent teratocarcinoma lines from a single transplanted multi-potent malignant cell, strongly su
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Tariquidar methanesulfonate, hydrate receptor AHR is essenti
2024-08-02
AHR is essential for IL-22 production by T Tariquidar methanesulfonate, hydrate receptor and ILC3s [83]. Coexpression of AHR and RORγt by retroviral transduction in a thymoma cell line, EL4, synergistically upregulates IL-22 expression [48]. The cooperativity between AHR and RORγt has also been obse
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Last decade has provided a
2024-08-02
Last decade has provided a number of studies indicating that AhR signaling could play a role both in the development and in progression of multiple cancer types, with potential implications for cancer therapy (for review see (Kolluri et al., 2017; Murray et al., 2014)). Activation of AhR is consider
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The finding that OCT is
2024-08-02
The finding that OCT3 is expressed in the nucleus accumbens (Gasser et al., 2009) suggests that inhibition of this transporter may underlie previously described effects of glucocorticoids on extracellular DA concentrations and indicates that DA clearance in this region is not mediated exclusively by
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br Materials and methods br Results br Discussion
2024-08-02
Materials and methods Results Discussion In this study, we have demonstrated that the adiponectin system (genes and proteins) is present in the porcine endometrium (epithelial glandular cells, luminal epithelial LY83583 and stromal cells) and myometrium (longitudinal and circular muscle la
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br Adenosine receptors and the adaptive immunity T lymphocyt
2024-08-02
Adenosine receptors and the adaptive immunity T lymphocytes are responsible for the cell-mediated immune response [95]. These cells can be stimulated by the presentation of antigenic moieties by APCs, such as dendritic cells or macrophages [96]. The presentation of antigenic molecules on the APC
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While A Rs communicate mainly with the D R subtype
2024-08-02
While A1Rs communicate mainly with the D1R subtype [36], A2AR and D2R interaction occurs mainly in basal ganglia. D2Rs colocalizes with A2ARs in this DS2 area where they are preferentially localized postsynaptically in the soma and dendrites of GABAergic striatopallidal neurons [69]. This interacti
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Oxidative stress has recently been
2024-08-02
Oxidative stress has recently been reported as one of the important mechanisms of toxic effect of Cd2+[43]. The mechanism of Cd2+-induced oxidative stress involves an imbalance between generation and removal of ROS in tissues and cellular components, causing damage to membranes, DNA, and proteins [4
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The total IgG concentration decreased from a mean
2024-08-02
The total IgG concentration decreased from a mean of 997 mg/100 ml before treatment to a mean of 696 after treatment in the MuSK+MG patients, and from a mean of 1736 mg/100 ml to a mean of 802 mg/100 ml in the AChR+MG patients (normal values 723–1685 mg/100 ml). This decrement was also statistically
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br Discussion One binding site MB Fig is located
2024-08-02
Discussion One binding site, MB327-1 (Fig. 4) is located in the extracellular domain between the γ and α subunits. MB327 adopts an extended conformation in the MB327-1 site and is oriented parallel to the channel. The second putative binding site, MB327-2 (Fig. 4) is situated deep inside the chan
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br Conclusions br Acknowledgments br Introduction To die or
2024-08-02
Conclusions Acknowledgments Introduction To die or not to die – that is the question. Christian de Duve created the word “autophagy” in 1960’s for the first time (Klionsky et al., 2016). The word “autophagy” was derived from the Greek roots “auto” (self) and “phagy” (eating) and referred to
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nucleotide triphosphate Roles of Aurora kinases in
2024-08-02
Roles of Aurora kinases in directly activating multiple oncogenic pathways and promoting proliferation as well as transformation have also been demonstrated. Aurora-A has been shown to up-regulate telomerase reverse transcriptase mRNA through c-myc [26]. The kinase was also implicated in activating
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br Mechanisms of homeostasis At face value homeostatic mecha
2024-08-02
Mechanisms of homeostasis At face value, homeostatic mechanisms may seem like nothing more than a simple balance between opposing forces; however, the ability of Mec1/Tel1 to each orchestrate both negative and positive regulation greatly complicates the system under consideration and argues again
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